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Companies depend on knowledge held by their employees to keep things running smoothly. When a key contributor resigns, a team can lose anywhere between 20% and 48% of its efficiency, and it can take months, sometimes years, to fully recover. To this end, knowledge is every company’s greatest asset, but, if left unprotected, can quickly become its greatest

In the late 1980s, Panasonic’s engineers were baffled. They could design TVs and stereos but not a bread maker that produced a perfect loaf. Despite their best efforts to understand breadmaking, their prototypes turned out dense and uneven. The breakthrough came when an engineer apprenticed with an expert baker. She observed how the baker adjusted